| INSPIRATION AND
INTERPRETATION |
|
"So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God."
Romans 10:17 |
by John Burgon
From the Book: Inspiration And Interpretation
The following was compiled from a sermon preached by John
William Burgon at Christ-Church Cathedral in 1860, where all the Divines of the
land had gathered for a season. Among them were also the student body. In the
following words, you will see that Burgon cares not for the praise of men as he
rebukes clergy and secular alike, for the majority of Christianity had already
succumbed to modernism with respect to the Bible and all it contains. The
following is composed of excerpts with very minor editing for clarity.
I must be
content today with repudiating, in the most unqualified way, the notion that a
mistake of any kind whatever is consistent with the texture of a narrative
inspired by the Holy Spirit of God. I
appeal to your sense of fairness, whether it be not reasonable to assume, that
until those blessed writers have been convicted of one single inaccuracy of
statement, their narratives ought to be accounted faultless, like Him whose Life
they record – like Him by whose Spirit they are inspired. I
would to Heaven that men would have the decency to suspect themselves, and
one another, rather than the Evangelists, of mistake; or at least, before they
venture publicly to impugn the Authors of the Everlasting Gospel, that they
would be at the pains to weigh the evidence with the care that that evidence
deserves, but which I am sure that sermon-writers and essayists do not bestow. Let them
spend the long summer days of many a long vacation – from early morning until
twilight – dissecting every syllable of the blessed pages; and then they will
learn to adore instead of to cavil. They will deem the Evangelists absolutely
faultless, instead of daring to charge all their own pitiful misconceptions, and
weak misapprehensions, and miserable blunders, upon them.
They will be inclined, rather, to challenge the world
to establish one blot in what they love so well; and would gladly stake all upon
the issue of a conflict before a fair tribunal, if submission might follow upon
defeat.
I hear some
one say – It seems to trouble you very much that inspired writers should be
thought capable of making mistakes; but it does not trouble me.
Very likely not. It does not trouble you, perhaps, to
see stone after stone, buttress after buttress, foundation after foundation,
removed from the walls of Zion, until the whole
structure trembles and totters, and is pronounced insecure. Your boasted
unconcern is very little to purpose, however, unless we may also know how dear
to you the safety of Zion is. But if you make indignant answer – as would to
Heaven you may – that you care for God’s honour, your jealousy for God’s
oracles, is every whit as great as our own – then we tell you that, on your
wretched premises, men more logical than yourself will make shipwreck of their
faith, and endanger their very souls.
There is no stopping – no knowing where to stop – in
this downward course. Once admit the principle of fallibility into the inspired
Word, and the whole becomes a bruised and rotten reed. If St. Paul a little, why
not St. Paul much? If Moses in some places, why not in many? You will doubt our
Lord’s infallibility next!
Do you mean to say then, (I shall be asked), that you maintain the theory of Verbal
Inspiration? – I answer, I
refuse to accept any theory whatsoever.
“Theories of Inspiration,” as they are
called, are the growth of an unbelieving age: and it is enough to disgust any
one with the term, to find how it has been understood in some quarters.
But if, instead of the
“Theory of Verbal Inspiration,” I
am asked whether I believe the
words of the Bible to be inspired – I
answer, To be sure I do – every one of
them: and every syllable likewise. Do not you?
Where - (if it be a fair question) – Where do you, in
your wisdom, stop? The book, you allow, is inspired. How about the chapters? How
about the verses? Do you stop at the verses, and not go on to the words? Or
perhaps you enjoy a special tradition on this subject, and hold that Inspiration
is a general, vague kind of thing – here more, there less: strong (to speak
plainly), where you make no objection to what is stated – weak, when it runs
counter to some fancy of your own.
O
Sir,
but this “general vague kind of thing”
will not suffice to anchor the fainting soul in the day of trouble, and in the
hour of death! “Here more, there less,”
will not satisfy a parched and weary spirit, athirst for the water of Life, and
craving the shadow of the great Rock.
Do you not feel that this
“will o’ the wisp” phantom of your brain can prove no guide to
either of us in the pilgrimage of life? Perceive you not that the unworthy
spirit in which you approach the Book of God’s Law must effectually prevent you
from getting any wisdom from it? Why, the pages which you look so coldly and
carnally at, are written within and without, and burn from end to end with
unutterable meaning!
No, Sirs! The Bible (be persuaded) is the very
utterance of the Eternal – as much God’s Word as if high Heaven were open, and
we heard God speaking to us with human voice. Every book of it is inspired
alike; and is inspired entirely. Inspiration is not a difference of degree, but
of kind. The Apocryphal books are not one atom more inspired than Bacon’s
Essays. But the Bible, from the Alpha to the Omega of it, is filled to
overflowing with the Holy Spirit of God: the Books of it, and the sentences of
it, and the words of it, and the syllables of it – aye, and the very letters of
it.
“I opened my
mouth,” saith Ezekiel, “and God
reached me a scroll, saying, Son of Man, cause thy belly to eat, and fill thy
bowels with this I give thee. I ate it, and it was sweet in my mouth as honey.”
Yea, sweeter, I
am persuaded, than either honey or the honeycomb. For herein, the authors of
scripture were not like harps or lutes, but they felt, they felt the power and
strength of their own words. When they spake of our peace, every corner of their
hearts was filled with joy. When they prophesied of mourning, lamentations, and
woes, to fall upon us, they wept in the bitterness and indignation of spirit,
the Arm of the Lord being mighty and strong upon them.
The first time I
enjoyed this privilege of preaching here, I
urged the younger men to a diligent and painful daily study of the Bible,
and I took my stand on the first
chapter of Genesis, because the enemies of God’s Truth have made that chapter
their favourite point of attack. We altogether repudiated, then, the contrast
which is often implied between Theology and Science, as if Theology were not a
Science, but some other thing. Theological Science we declared to be the noblest
of the Sciences – the very Queen and Mistress of them all. Her function
therefore is to bear willing witness to the Goodness, the Wisdom, the Justice of
the Eternal: and her place – the loftiest which can be imagined for a creature.
But when today, instead of the submissive manners of a
well-ordered court, symptoms of insolence and insubordination are witnessed on
every side – then, the least and humblest takes leave – time, and place, and
occasion serving – to speak out fearlessly on behalf of that which he loves with
an unworthy, but a most undivided heart.
When “language”
impugns those Oracles which she was hired to decipher – and pretends to doubt
the Inspiration of that Book of which, confessedly, she barely understands the
grammar; when History and Chronology cry out that the annals of Theology are
false, and her record of Time a fable; that the Deluge, for instance, is an old
wives’ story, and the economy of times and seasons a human fabrication – when
Astronomical and Mechanical Science struts up to the Throne whereon sits the
Ancient of Days, and prates to Him – the first Author of Law – about the
“supremacy of Law,” and tells Him to
His face that His miracles are things impossible; when Physiology insinuates
that Mankind cannot be descended from one primeval pair, and that the lives of
the Patriarchs cannot be such as they are recorded to have been, when the
pretender to Natural Philosophy gravely assures us that we ought not to pray for
fair weather, because the weather depends not upon
“arbitrary changes in the will of God,” but upon laws as fixed and
certain “as the laws of gravitation,”
– which, mark you, Sirs, is no longer a dry verbal speculation, but is nothing
less than an invasion of that inner chamber where you or I have retired to pour out the fullness of an aching heart, in prayer
that God would prolong, if it may be, the life of the dearest thing we have on
earth; and yet they rudely bid us rise from our knees and be silent, for, they
say, the health of Man depends not on the will of God, but on fixed
physiological laws; lastly, when the pretender to Geological skill denies the
authenticity of the First Chapter of Genesis – which is to deny the Inspiration
of all the rest, and therefore of the whole Bible – and thus to rob Life’s weary
pilgrim of that rod and that staff concerning which he has many a time exclaimed
– “They comfort me!” – whenever, as
now, such things are spoken and printed – not in a corner, or by insignificant
persons, or in ambiguous language – but in plain English, by clergymen and
scholars in authority, openly in the face of God’s sun – then it is high time,
even for the humblest and least among you – if no
man of mark will speak up, and speak out, for God’s Truth – then it is
high time to deliver a plain message with that freedom which Englishmen hold to
be a part of their birthright.
It should breed no offence, I say, if the most unworthy of God’s servants, here, before you all –
before these younger men especially, who have been drawn hither by the fame of
your piety and your learning, and who have been entrusted to your guardianship
through the precious years of early manhood, with a well-grounded confidence
that you would give them to eat not only of the Tree of Knowledge, but also
largely of the fruit of the Tree of Life – in this Holy House, too, where he
received his commission, and vowed before God and Man, that he would
“be ready,” the Lord being his helper,
“with all faithful diligence to drive away
all erroneous and strange doctrines contrary to God’s Word,” – before such
an audience, and in such a place, it must and shall be lawful for me solemnly to
denounce as false and deadly – full of nothing but pernicious consequence – that
system of practical Infidelity which enjoys such unhappy popularity at this
hour, and which, under the mask of Science, and under the specious name of
Progress, is spreading like a fatal contagion through the length and breadth of
the land, and which, if suffered to go unchastised and unchecked, will end by
shaking both the Altar and the Throne!
Look well to it, Sirs, if you care for the safety of
the Ark of God.
For my part – like one of old time whose words I
am not worthy to take upon my lips –
“I cannot hold my peace, because thou hast heard, O my soul, the sound of the
trumpet, the alarm of war!”
Nay, Sirs – suffer one of yourselves to ask you,
whether these disgraceful developments are not the lawful result of your own
incredible system, of sending forth, year by year, men to be teachers and
professors of Divinity – to whom you have yet never imparted any Theological
training whatever.
It will be the fact, I
fear, before the end of all things; for it seems to be implied – (a more
heart-sickening sentence in all Scripture, I
know not!) – that when the Son of Man cometh, He will not find the Faith on
the Earth. (St. Luke xviii. 8). And if not the Faith – what then? The Moral
Sense? Hardly! for where was the Moral Sense when she let go the Faith? It was
in fact – if I read the record rightly
– eighteen centuries ago: for children had then forgotten their duty to their
Parents; and the sanctity of Marriage was unknown; and (O
prime note of a darkened conscience!) men not only did things worthy of
Death, but “had pleasure in them that did them.” Read the first chapter of St.
Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, and say what was then the condition of the Moral
Sense in man. Tell me, while your cheek is yet burning, whether you think Moral
Science was then competent to sit in judgment on a Revelation sent from the God
of Purity, until God’s own Son had repudiated the sanctions of the Moral Law,
and informed Man’s conscience afresh!
Ever since the Gospel came into the world, general
opinion has ceased to be the standard of Truth: for the Bible has simply
superseded it; and put forth a standard to which general opinion itself must
bow. “I am the Way, the Truth, and the
Life.” So spake the Eternal Son while yet on Earth. And He foresaw that
there would come a day when the world would still ask, with Pilate,
“What is Truth?” Accordingly, we heard his solemn reply in this
Morning’s Second Lesson – “Thy Word” –
“Thy Word is Truth” …
“God made two great lights,” I
grant you: but what I maintain is,
that He made the greater Light to rule the Day.
And therefore are we very bold to assert that it is all
too late now to vaunt the authority of the Moral Sense, as a thing to be set up
against the fixed and immutable Revelation of God’s mind and will. The echoes of
the voice of God are now so distinct, only because God hath suffered His awful
voice to be heard on earth again: and if among ourselves those echoes are the
loudest and the clearest, is it not because among ourselves the Bible is read
the most?
I say,
therefore, that it is all too late to vaunt the supremacy of Conscience as
opposed to Revelation - Moral as opposed to Theological Science. Moral Science
owes all its renewed strength and vigour to Theology. And so, were Moral Science
to dare call in question (as she sometimes has done, and may dare to do again!),
the Morality of the Bible - we should find her monstrous image nowhere so fitly
as in that of the man whose withered hand Christ healed in the Synagogue - if
the same man had proved such a wretch, as straightway to lift up his arm with
intention to smite his Benefactor and his God.
Physical Science, therefore, (for the last time!) - all
the other Sciences - Moral Science not excepted - are the handmaids of
Theological Science: and Morality, to which we omitted before to assign an
office, we have stationed somewhere beneath the footstool, which is before the
Throne of the Most High.
But this day's sermon has had for its object to remind
you that the Bible is none other than the voice of Him that sitteth upon the
Throne! Every Book of it - every Chapter of it - every Verse of it - every Word
of it - every Syllable of it (where are we to stop?) - every Letter of it - is
the direct utterance of the Most High! Pasa grafh qeopneustoV. (2 Timothy 3:16).
"Well spake the Holy Ghost by the mouth
of" the many blessed Men who wrote it.
The Bible is none other than the Word of God: not some
part of it, more, some part of it, less; but all alike, the utterance of Him Who
sitteth upon the Throne; absolute - faultless - unerring - supreme!